Answer Solutions for Chapter 10 Review Question in Hybrid and Alternative Fuel Systems
Hydrogen Basics
Hydrogen (Hii) is an alternative fuel that can be produced from diverse domestic resources. Although the market for hydrogen every bit a transportation fuel is in its infancy, regime and industry are working toward clean, economic, and safe hydrogen production and distribution for widespread use in fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). Low-cal-duty FCEVs are now available in express quantities to the consumer market place in localized regions domestically and around the world. The market is also developing for buses, textile handling equipment (such as forklifts), ground support equipment, medium- and heavy-duty trucks, marine vessels, and stationary applications. For more data, see fuel properties and the Hydrogen Analysis Resource Center.
Hydrogen is abundant in our surround. It's stored in water (H2O), hydrocarbons (such as methane, CHfour), and other organic matter. Ane challenge of using hydrogen as a fuel is efficiently extracting it from these compounds.
Currently, steam reforming—combining high-temperature steam with natural gas to excerpt hydrogen—accounts for the majority of the hydrogen produced in the United States. Hydrogen can also be produced from h2o through electrolysis. This is more energy intensive but can exist done using renewable free energy, such every bit air current or solar, and avoiding the harmful emissions associated with other kinds of energy production.
Virtually all the hydrogen produced in the United States each year is used for refining petroleum, treating metals, producing fertilizer, and processing foods.
Although the production of hydrogen may generate emissions affecting air quality, depending on the source, an FCEV running on hydrogen emits merely water vapor and warm air every bit exhaust and is considered a nix-emission vehicle. Major research and development efforts are aimed at making these vehicles and their infrastructure practical for widespread use. This has led to the rollout of light-duty production vehicles to retail consumers, as well as the initial implementation of medium- and heavy-duty buses and trucks in California and fleet availability in northeastern states.
Acquire more than about hydrogen and fuel cells from the Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office.
Hydrogen as an Culling Fuel
Hydrogen is considered an culling fuel under the Energy Policy Deed of 1992. The interest in hydrogen as an alternative transportation fuel stems from its ability to power fuel cells in zero-emission vehicles, its potential for domestic product, and the fuel cell's fast filling time and high efficiency. In fact, a fuel jail cell coupled with an electric motor is two to three times more efficient than an internal combustion engine running on gasoline. Hydrogen can also serve equally fuel for internal combustion engines. Notwithstanding, different FCEVs, these produce tailpipe emissions and are less efficient. Learn more than virtually fuel cells.
The energy in 2.two pounds (1 kilogram) of hydrogen gas is about the same equally the energy in 1 gallon (6.2 pounds, 2.viii kilograms) of gasoline. Because hydrogen has a low volumetric energy density, it is stored onboard a vehicle as a compressed gas to reach the driving range of conventional vehicles. Most current applications use high-pressure tanks capable of storing hydrogen at either 5,000 or 10,000 pounds per square inch (psi). For case, the FCEVs in production by automotive manufacturers and available at dealerships have x,000 psi tanks. Retail dispensers, which are generally co-located at gasoline stations, tin can fill up these tanks in about five minutes. Fuel prison cell electric buses currently utilize five,000 psi tanks that take 10–15 minutes to fill. Other ways of storing hydrogen are nether development, including bonding hydrogen chemically with a material such as metal hydride or low-temperature sorbent materials. Learn more than almost hydrogen storage.
Information from retail hydrogen fueling stations, collected and analyzed by the National Renewable Free energy Laboratory, bear witness the average time spent fueling an FCEV is less than 4 minutes.
California is leading the nation in building hydrogen fueling stations for FCEVs. Equally of mid-2021, 47 retail hydrogen stations were open up to the public in California, as well as 1 in Hawaii, and 55 more than were in diverse stages of construction or planning in California. These stations are serving over eight,000 FCEVs. California continues to provide funding toward edifice hydrogen infrastructure through its Clean Transportation Programme. The California Free energy Commission is authorized to allocate up to $xx million per twelvemonth through 2023 and is investing in an initial 100 public stations to support and encourage these zero-emission vehicles. In addition, 14 retail stations are planned for the northeastern states, with some of those already serving armada customers.
Vehicle manufacturers are only offering FCEVs to consumers who alive in regions where hydrogen stations exist. Non-retail stations in California and throughout the country also go along serving FCEV fleets, including buses. Multiple distribution centers are using hydrogen to fuel cloth-handling vehicles in their normal operations. In addition, several announcements have been fabricated regarding the production of heavy-duty vehicles, such as line-haul trucks, that will require fueling stations with much higher capacities than existing calorie-free-duty stations. Find hydrogen fueling stations across the Us.
Source: https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/hydrogen_basics.html
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